The best way to learn about different seams and finishes if you know nothing about sewing is to study clothes. Look at a lot of different seams until you can tell them apart (even if you don’t know what to call them). Inspect them closely.
Look at the insides of the clothes you own and note what is in common between your favorite pieces. Pay attention to what types of seams are on what types of fabrics.
Go out shopping and note what seams are used for garments at different price points. The insides of cheaper clothing are very different from the insides of expensive ones.
You don’t need to know the names right away, but take pictures or collect examples of seams you like. Your patternmaker or factory will be so appreciative if you show them photos of the type of seams you are considering. No one will fault you for not knowing the name if you are able to describe what you like or dislike about it.